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The vulnerability database and the Java index database are needed only for vulnerability scanning. See here for the detail.

Vulnerability Database

Skip update of vulnerability DB

If you want to skip downloading the vulnerability database, use the --skip-db-update option.

$ trivy image --skip-db-update python:3.4-alpine3.9
Result 
2019-05-16T12:48:08.703+0900    INFO    Detecting Alpine vulnerabilities...

python:3.4-alpine3.9 (alpine 3.9.2)
===================================
Total: 1 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 0, MEDIUM: 1, HIGH: 0, CRITICAL: 0)

+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| LIBRARY | VULNERABILITY ID | SEVERITY | INSTALLED VERSION | FIXED VERSION |             TITLE              |
+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| openssl | CVE-2019-1543    | MEDIUM   | 1.1.1a-r1         | 1.1.1b-r1     | openssl: ChaCha20-Poly1305     |
|         |                  |          |                   |               | with long nonces               |
+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+

Only download vulnerability database

You can also ask Trivy to simply retrieve the vulnerability database. This is useful to initialize workers in Continuous Integration systems.

$ trivy image --download-db-only

DB Repository

Trivy could also download the vulnerability database from an external OCI registry by using --db-repository option.

$ trivy image --db-repository registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dependencies/trivy-db

Java Index Database

The same options are also available for the Java index DB, which is used for scanning Java applications. Skipping an update can be done by using the --skip-java-db-update option, while --download-java-db-only can be used to only download the Java index DB.

Downloading the Java index DB from an external OCI registry can be done by using the --java-db-repository option.

$ trivy image --java-db-repository registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dependencies/trivy-java-db --download-java-db-only

Remove DBs

The --reset flag removes all caches and databases.

$ trivy image --reset